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Macrofungi of Guatemala
Guatemala is one of the richest biodiversity hotspots in the world.〔Tolisano J, López MM 2010 - Guatemala Biodiversity and Tropical Forest Assessment. United States Agency for International Development. Washington, DC, USA ()〕 This is due to the variety of its territory and ecosystems that occur from sea level up to more than 4,000 meters above sea level. Ecological niches include (but are not limited to) subtropical and tropical rain forests, wetlands, dry forests, scrublands, cloud forests, pine-fir forests in the highlands. Despite this wealth, however, our knowledge on the mycobiota of the country is very poor.〔Comandini O, Erős–Honti Z, Jakucs E, Flores Arzú R, Leonardi M, Rinaldi AC 2012 – Molecular and morpho–anatomical description of mycorrhizas of ''Lactarius rimosellus'' on ''Quercus'' sp., with ethnomycological notes on ''Lactarius'' in Guatemala. Mycorrhiza 22: 279-287 ()〕 There are several reasons for this, primarily the prolonged Guatemalan civil war (1960–1996) and related political and social instability that have severely hampered field work in the country. The lack of trained local mycologists has certainly also delayed the detailed investigation of the rich mycota inhabiting the highly diversified Guatemalan biotopes.
==Diversity of Guatemala macrofungi==
Larger fungi (usually referred to as macrofungi or macromycetes) are of particular interest because of their importance as food resources and as a component of traditional culture in many places in the world.〔Boa E 2004 - Wild edible fungi. A global overview of their use and importance to people. FAO. Rome, Italy ()〕 Moreover, many basidiomycetes and ascomycetes with conspicuous sporocarps often play an important role as ectomycorrhizal mycobionts of trees and shrubs of boreal forests in the northern hemisphere and are important elements in many areas of the southern hemisphere.〔Rinaldi AC, Comandini O, Kuyper TW 2008 - Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity: separating the wheat from the chaff. Fungal Diversity 33: 1–45 ()〕 Although Guatemalan macrofungi have not been as yet extensively surveyed, a preliminary checklist encompasses some 350 species of macromycetes (31 ascomycetes and 319 basidiomycetes) occurring in 163 genera and 20 ascomycetous and basidiomycetous orders.〔Flores Arzú R, Comandini O, Rinaldi AC 2012 - A preliminary checklist of macrofungi of Guatemala, with notes on edibility ad traditional knowledge. Mycosphere 3: 1-21 ()〕 Recently, 12 species of Ascomicetes where cited, with the new records, there are now 44 ascomycete species known from Guatemala 〔 Medel R., Morales, O., Castillo R, Cáceres R. 2013 - New ascomycete records from Guatemala. Mycotaxon 124:73-85. 〕Most available observations pertain to the highlands, in the departments of Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Guatemala, El Quiché, Huehuetenango, and Quetzaltenango, while the wide lowland Petén region has been scantly explored, despite the fact that it accounts for about one third of Guatemala's area and, together with adjacent areas of Belize and southern Mexico, comprise the largest unbroken tract of tropical forest north of the Brazilian Amazon. At the order level, ''Agaricales'' was found to host the larger number of species (almost one third of the entire set), followed by ''Polyporales'' and ''Boletales''. The most represented genera are ''Amanita'', ''Russula'', ''Lactarius'', ''Laccaria'', ''Suillus''.〔 Intriguingly, all these genera are ectomycorrhizal with the several ''Pinus'' and ''Quercus'' species that form extensive pine and mixed forests of the highlands, and/or with the endangered ''Abies guatemalensis'' (pinabete), most abundant between 2800–3200 m elevation on the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes in western Guatemala.〔Vivero JL, Szejner M, Gordon J, Magin V 2006 - The red list of trees of Guatemala. Fauna & Flora International. Cambridge, UK ()〕
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